Two-dimensional molecular networks at the solid/liquid interface and the role of alkyl chains in their building blocks

• Suyi Liu,
• Yasuo Norikane and
• Yoshihiro Kikkawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 872–892, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.72

• “covalent functionalization” using 2D structures as templates [161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169][170][171]. In these systems, the molecular building blocks mostly comprise alkyl chains, and various phenomena, including the interaction of alkyl chains, continue to be revealed. Therefore

Direct growth of few-layer graphene on AlN-based resonators for high-sensitivity gravimetric biosensors

• Jimena Olivares,
• Teona Mirea,
• Lorena Gordillo-Dagallier,
• Bruno Marco,
• José Miguel Escolano,
• Marta Clement and
• Enrique Iborra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 975–984, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.98

• graphene appears to be more appropriate for the covalent functionalization scheme based on the generation of defects (COOH groups) through a plasma treatment. In this work, we demonstrate that few-layer graphene can be grown directly on top of SMR-type acoustic resonators without a noticeable degradation

• shear mode [8]. This is explained by the fact that the shear mode does not propagate to the liquid. There is only an evanescent acoustic field near the surface [21] that interacts with the added mass. Covalent functionalization The first step of this functionalization protocol is the incubation of the

• , indicating the increase of hydrophilicity. This is important as this treatment strongly determines the type of binding of the reagents to the surface in covalent and non-covalent bio-functionalization. Figure 5 shows a schema of the covalent functionalization process. After the plasma treatment, the samples

Accurate control of the covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes for the electro-enzymatically controlled oxidation of biomolecules

• Naoual Allali,
• Veronika Urbanova,
• Mathieu Etienne,
• Xavier Devaux,
• Martine Mallet,
• Brigitte Vigolo,
• Jean-Joseph Adjizian,
• Chris P. Ewels,
• Sven Oberg,
• Alexander V. Soldatov,
• Edward McRae,
• Yves Fort,
• Manuel Dossot and
• Victor Mamane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2750–2762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.257

• activity is not jeopardized. Keywords: biosensing; carbon nanotubes; covalent functionalization; electrocatalysis; ferrocene; Introduction Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been recognized as interesting candidates for developing electrochemical sensors for almost two decades [1][2][3]. They have been used to

• quantify the covalent functionalization of the CNTs. If one wants to control the chemistry made on the tubes at each step, it is absolutely mandatory to start from a very clean sample. Purified HiPco® SWCNTs are now commercially available at reasonable prices and constitute such a clean sample. In our

• HNO3 65% and grafted with the FcETG8 ferrocene derivative. After step 3 of the functionalization process, we used a set of complementary techniques to determine the success of the covalent functionalization of the CNT samples. XPS analyses were realized on CNT powders to see if the ferrocene groups

Carbon nano-onions as fluorescent on/off modulated nanoprobes for diagnostics

• Stefania Lettieri,
• Marta d’Amora,
• Adalberto Camisasca,
• Alberto Diaspro and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1878–1888, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.188

• 10.3762/bjnano.8.188 Abstract Multishell fullerenes, known as carbon nano-onions (CNOs), have emerged as a platform for bioimaging because of their cell-penetration properties and minimal systemic toxicity. Here, we describe the covalent functionalization of CNOs with a π-extended distyryl-substituted

Fluorination of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes: from CF₄ plasma chemistry to surface functionalization

• Claudia Struzzi,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Jean-François Colomer,
• Alberto Verdini,
• Luca Floreano,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1723–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.173

• sample location. All these evidences confirm that, for short distance, a major contribution to the high intensity of the D mode comes from the defective sites rather than from the effective covalent functionalization. Furthermore, the effect of the temperature is inspected by selecting the highest

Dispersion of single-wall carbon nanotubes with supramolecular Congo red – properties of the complexes and mechanism of the interaction

• Anna Jagusiak,
• Barbara Piekarska,
• Tomasz Pańczyk,
• Małgorzata Jemioła-Rzemińska,
• Elżbieta Bielańska,
• Barbara Stopa,
• Grzegorz Zemanek,
• Janina Rybarska,
• Irena Roterman and
• Leszek Konieczny

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 636–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.68

• ]. Covalent functionalization modifies CNT walls through introduction of different atoms or groups (e.g., fluoride, carboxyl, hydroxyl) to the carbon lattice. Noncovalent functionalization leaves the nanotube walls intact, but allows for separation of the bundles due to their interaction with different

Comparison of four functionalization methods of gold nanoparticles for enhancing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

• Paula Ciaurriz,
• Fátima Fernández,
• Edurne Tellechea,
• Jose F. Moran and
• Aaron C. Asensio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 244–253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.27

• complex concentration was measured by absorption at 520 nm and kept at 4 °C until use. Covalent functionalization was achieved using hetero-bifunctional linkers of polyethyleneglycol (PEG). In this case, AuNPs were incubated overnight with methyl-PEG-thiol (mPEG thiol, n = 6) and PEG-thiol acid (n = 7) in

• for derivation of antibody and HRP in the directional conjugation and was obtained from NanoScience Instruments. The linkers mPEG-thiol (n = 6) and PEG-thiol acid (n = 7) for the covalent functionalization were acquired from Polypure. Rabbit IgG, polyclonal goat anti-rabbit IgG, goat anti-rabbit IgG

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• inert towards polymers and interfacial interactions are primarily based on van der Waals forces. This weak bond cannot efficiently transfer mechanical load across the filler–matrix interface. So, the surface of CNTs have been modified using two methods: (1) chemical or covalent functionalization, and (2

• ) physical or non-covalent functionalization [40]. The different methods for the functionalization of MLG and CNTs have been summarized in Table 2. Chemical or covalent functionalization: Chemical functionalization of CNTs is the attachment of chemical groups either at the ends or at the sidewalls [55][57

• necessarily result in an increased dispersibility. Amino-functionalized CNTs are difficult to disperse compared to non-functionalized CNTs [53]. Another covalent functionalization technique is defect functionalization. At the defect sites of MLG and CNTs, functional groups such as –COOH (carboxylic acid) and

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• modifications consisted in non-covalent functionalization. Direct in situ generation of superpara- and ferromagnetic species in the presence of these derivatives of oMWCNT were reported. Wu co-precipitated Fe(II) and Fe(III) chlorides with NaOH in oMWCNT dispersion, obtaining a nanocrystalline deposit of Fe3O4

• PAH-covered oMWCNT, followed by the introduction of CdTe quantum dots leading to CdTe-SPIO-oMWCNT#Chen nanohybrids. Finally, we showed that oxidized nanotubes are attractive for hard Lewis acids, e.g., Fe3+ ions, and form stable nanomolecular complexes, namely Fe-oMWCNT#Kuźnik [41]. Further covalent

• functionalization of oMWCNT is aimed at introducing specific organic ligands to permanently chelate metal ions or their oxides. This is the manner in which Lamanna prepared an oligoglycol dendron with phosphonic groups responsible for SPIO anchoring. The ligand was introduced on the alkyne-derived oMWCNT by a click

Optical absorption signature of a self-assembled dye monolayer on graphene

• Tessnim Sghaier,
• Sylvain Le Liepvre,
• Céline Fiorini,
• Ludovic Douillard and
• Fabrice Charra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 862–868, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.78

• -packed PTCDA molecules deposited on epitaxial graphene have also been observed [21]. In turn, self-assembly of adsorbed conjugated molecules can influence the electronic properties of its substrate. Such a non-covalent functionalization is especially suitable in the case of graphene because of its

Plasma fluorination of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes: functionalization and thermal stability

• Claudia Struzzi,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Axel Hemberg,
• Luca Petaccia,
• Jean-François Colomer,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2263–2271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.232

• treatment were evaluated by combining different spectroscopic techniques. Keywords: carbon nanotubes; spectroscopy; synchrotron radiation; thermal stability; Introduction The covalent functionalization of carbon nanostructures has been largely exploited, and different techniques have been employed for

A versatile strategy towards non-covalent functionalization of graphene by surface-confined supramolecular self-assembly of Janus tectons

• Ping Du,
• David Bléger,
• Fabrice Charra,
• Vincent Bouchiat,
• David Kreher,
• Fabrice Mathevet and
• André-Jean Attias

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 632–639, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.64

• graphene. For this reason, the non-covalent functionalization of graphene is expected to be more interesting, offering the opportunity to attach any functionality while simultaneously maintaining the integrity of the sp2-hybridized carbon network (i.e., not disturbing its electronic substrate properties

• -covalent functionalization of graphene by supramolecular self-assembly In the third stage, it was recently demonstrated that the Janus tecton concept is a versatile platform that can be used towards the non-covalent functionalization of graphene [25]. Before presenting the details of this strategy, it must

• HOPG, used as a versatile new tool for a similar non-covalent functionalization of graphene. To ensure the versatility compared to our previous work, the synthetic sequence as well as the pillar design were revisited and rationalized. In fact, we developed a synthetic convergent strategy (Figure 5

Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes and their applications

• Saban Kalay,
• Zehra Yilmaz,
• Ozlem Sen,
• Melis Emanet,
• Emine Kazanc and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 84–102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.9

• section, examples of these two routes are addressed. Chemical modifications Due to their high resistance to harsh chemical conditions, BNNTs are consequently difficult materials for covalent functionalization (similar to CNTs). However, recent studies demonstrate that covalent modification is possible

Advances in NO₂ sensing with individual single-walled carbon nanotube transistors

• Kiran Chikkadi,
• Matthias Muoth,
• Cosmin Roman,
• Miroslav Haluska and
• Christofer Hierold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2179–2191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.227

• functionalization on individual SWNTs, in particular, is very challenging because any covalent bonding tends to drastically reduce the conductivity of the SWNT channel by disrupting the sp2-C network. Consequently, the conductivity of a single nanotube decreases substantially upon covalent functionalization, making

• nanotubes [16][57]. Non-covalent functionalization, such as metal or polymer functionalization, has been extensively studied. For example, Penza et al. [16] have shown that the sensitivity of multiwalled nanotubes to NO2 is enhanced by the use of Pt nanoparticles. However, a comparable study on individual

• interaction alone, while suppressing other interactions, may be beneficial. In this respect, suspended, contact-passivated devices show great potential. Effect of surface functionalization So far, there have been very few investigations on individual, functionalized SWNTs for NO2 sensing. Covalent

Sequence-dependent electrical response of ssDNA-decorated carbon nanotube, field-effect transistors to dopamine

• Hari Krishna Salila Vijayalal Mohan,
• Jianing An and
• Lianxi Zheng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2113–2121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.220

• thymine (T), which binds on the SWCNT surface through non-covalent π–π stacking interactions [12]. Moreover, this non-covalent functionalization is more desirable than covalent functionalization methods because it preserves the electronic properties of SWCNT while covalent methods may disrupt the nanotube

Carbon nano-onions (multi-layer fullerenes): chemistry and applications

• Juergen Bartelmess and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1980–1998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.207

• method of choice. The covalent as well as the non-covalent functionalization of CNTs [22][23][24] have been widely studied in the past decades and can serve as inspiration for possible synthetic strategies to decorate CNOs with a variety of functional groups and also to increase the solubility of CNO

• materials. The following chapter summarizes the published literature regarding the reported methods for the covalent functionalization of CNOs (Scheme 1 and Table 1). In addition, we will give an overview over some CNO-containing composite materials. Except for some of these composites, the non-covalent

• functionalization of CNOs, especially with small molecules or surfactants, which is widely described for CNTs [23], has not been reported so far. Covalent functionalization Synthetic procedures for the covalent functionalization of CNOs are largely based on previously described strategies for the functionalization

Controlling the dispersion of supported polyoxometalate heterogeneous catalysts: impact of hybridization and the role of hydrophilicity–hydrophobicity balance and supramolecularity

• Gijo Raj,
• Colas Swalus,
• Eglantine Arendt,
• Pierre Eloy,
• Michel Devillers and
• Eric M. Gaigneaux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1749–1759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.185

• -based catalysts with enhanced processability, recoverability, and reusability. Organic–inorganic hybridization can be achieved either, through electrostatic interactions between POM anions and a polyampholyte polymer [15], or through covalent functionalization of POM anions with an organic moiety [16

• hybrids are deposited. For instance, surfactant-encapsulated clusters of POM anions, formed through electrostatic interactions, were reported to form well-ordered straight nanorods on graphite [17], whereas hybrid materials formed through covalent functionalization of POM formed planar layer-by-layer

Non-covalent and reversible functionalization of carbon nanotubes

• Antonello Di Crescenzo,
• Valeria Ettorre and
• Antonella Fontana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1675–1690, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.178

• in order to act as a good carbon nanotube dispersant both in water and in organic solvents. The review pinpoints also a few examples of dispersant design. The last section is devoted to the exploitation of the major quality of non-covalent functionalization that is its reversibility and the

• possibility to obtain stimuli-responsive precipitation or dispersion of CNTs. Keywords: carbon nanotubes; non-covalent functionalization; π-stacking; reversible dispersion/precipitation; Introduction Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are hollow cylindrical tubes with nanometer scale diameters and lengths up to a few

• strongly interact with each other through van der Waals forces reaching ~500 eV per μm of CNT’s length [18] and aggregate into bundles and ropes. In order to counteract these forces and favor CNTs manipulability and solubility mainly two strategies have been adopted: i) covalent functionalization through

Donor–acceptor graphene-based hybrid materials facilitating photo-induced electron-transfer reactions

• Anastasios Stergiou,
• Georgia Pagona and
• Nikos Tagmatarchis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1580–1589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.170

• ] or supramolecularly, by π–π stacking and/or van der Waals interactions [14], the latter methodology suffers from weak interactions between the two species (i.e., graphene and organic units), which often leads to a loss of the organic moiety. Apparently, covalent functionalization of exfoliated

Growth and characterization of CNT–TiO₂ heterostructures

• Yucheng Zhang,
• Ivo Utke,
• Johann Michler,
• Gabriele Ilari,
• Marta D. Rossell and
• Rolf Erni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 946–955, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.108

• single-wall CNTs or graphene by specific treatments which attack the surface and introduce defects [24]. The treatments can be divided into covalent and non-covalent functionalization. An ozone treatment, as an example for covalent functionalization, is simple to integrate into the ALD process and was

Chemi- vs physisorption in the radical functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes under microwaves

• Victor Mamane,
• Guillaume Mercier,
• Junidah Abdul Shukor,
• Jérôme Gleize,
• Aziz Azizan,
• Yves Fort and
• Brigitte Vigolo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 537–545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.63

• the production process. They have a high tendency to remain aggregated and are difficult to process if no particular treatment is used to maintain them in a dispersed state. Covalent functionalization is the attachment of a chemical group able to disperse, compatibilize or induce a particular activity

• to the CNTs. It is recognized to be an efficient way to confer specific surface properties [5]. However, the methods generally used for the covalent functionalization of CNTs often require long reaction times (from several hours to days) [6]. The reaction times can be considerably reduced to a few

• high temperature around 550 °C. Raman and TGA–MS data clearly evidence the covalent functionalization of the chlorophenyl groups at the SWNT surface after a reaction time of 5 min. ID/IG is indeed increased after functionalization due to the opening of the C=C bonds by a radical reaction. From Raman

Selective surface modification of lithographic silicon oxide nanostructures by organofunctional silanes

• Thomas Baumgärtel,
• Christian von Borczyskowski and
• Harald Graaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 218–226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.22

• interactions or van-der-Waals forces) on the other hand are characterized by weaker binding strengths and a lower selectivity, and thus, are not as suitable for multistep surface functionalization as covalent binding. Although the covalent functionalization of LAO patterns has been reported several times

• molecules should in principle be distinguishable by the amplitude–phase–distance curve technique. Conclusion In conclusion, a route for a controlled covalent functionalization of silicon oxide nanostructures with an amino-terminated silane and FITC dye molecules has been successfully realized. The formation

Functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Eloise Van Hooijdonk,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Rony Snyders and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 129–152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.14

• sidewall of the CNTs is functionalized. During the functionalization, functional groups or nanoparticles can form a covalent (chemical) or a non-covalent (physical) bond with the CNT surface. The covalent functionalization (creation of a chemical bond between the CNT and the functional group or

• nanoparticle) can occur at the fullerenic caps, which are more reactive than the CNT sidewalls [16], at the defects, or exclusively at the sidewalls of the nanotubes. The non-covalent functionalization (creation of a physical bond between the CNT and the chemical group or particle) involves for instance CNTs

How to remove the influence of trace water from the absorption spectra of SWNTs dispersed in ionic liquids

• Juan Yang,
• Daqi Zhang and
• Yan Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 653–658, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.69

• two or three orders of magnitude higher than other suspension methods, including surfactant dispersion [11][12], DNA wrapping [13][14], polymer wrapping [15], and sidewall covalent functionalization [16][17]. As it does not involve any rigorous sonication, centrifugation, or chemical reaction, the